Table of Substitutes

Below is a list of letters frequently used as substitutes to represent several of the elements as given in the first table. The learner should first name the substitute, next the element it represents, and then the example in which it is combined. Thus, ei is a substitute for a (long a) as in the word vein, and so forth.

ei = a as in vein ey = a as in they e = a as in sergeant ou = a as in bought	i = e as in marine a = e as in any ai = e as in said u = e as in bury	y = i as in spy y = i as in hymn e = i as in english ee = i as in been
o = i as in women u = i as in busy ew = o as in sew eau = o as in beau	au = o as in hautboy a = o as in what ew = u as in new iew = u as in view	io = u as in nation eo = u as in surgeon y = u as in Myrtle e = u as in her
i = u as in sir o = u as in son oo = u as in blood o = u as in wolf	oo = u as in wool ow = ou as in now u = w as in persuasion o = wu as in one	i = y as in onion u = yu as inuse ph = f as in phrase gh = f as in laugh
d = j as in soldier g = j as in gem c = k as in cat ch = k as in chord	gh = k as in hough q = k as in quart c = s as in cent f = v as in of	ph = v as in Stephen c = z as in suffice s = z as in his x = x as in xanthus
x = ks as in wax cho = kw as in choir n = ng as in anger c = sh as in ocean	s = sh as in sure ch = sh as in chaise t = sh as in notion g = zh as in rouge	s = zh as in osier x = gz as in exact